{"id":10267,"date":"2016-11-04T17:00:23","date_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/placeholder-title-japan-airlines\/"},"modified":"2016-11-04T17:48:07","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:48:07","slug":"japan-airlines-climate-change-and-the-tokyo-2020-olympics","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/japan-airlines-climate-change-and-the-tokyo-2020-olympics\/","title":{"rendered":"Japan Airlines, Climate Change and the Tokyo 2020 Olympics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

More than two billion people each year enjoy the economic and social benefits of aviation. The ability to fly conveniently to practically anywhere\u00a0at any time\u00a0<\/span>has significantly reduced the physical distances and cultural barriers between people that naturally\u00a0<\/span>occur in\u00a0the world, serving ultimately as a crucial catalyst for the global economy.\u00a0<\/span>Unfortunately, these benefits\u00a0<\/span>are\u00a0associated with significant costs from an environmental standpoint. Aircraft engines emit greenhouse gases including\u00a0carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and water vapor (H2O) as a byproduct of burning fossil fuels.[1] Given that demand for commercial air services (and the corresponding increases in the number of passengers) is projected to increase steadily at an annual rate of 5% (demand will be approximately 2.6 times higher than current levels over the next 20 years), this is a problem that will only continue to get worse over time.[2] Despite its inherent negative externalities; however, no other industry can come close to the\u00a0aviation industry in its ability to connect the world\u2019s people, facilitate commerce and promote tourism. On the latter point of tourism, this post will focus on Japan Airlines (“JAL”) and highlight some of the efforts it is taking to reduce the environmental impact of its operations by 2020 – the year Tokyo will host the next Summer Olympics.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

What JAL is Doing Currently<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

JAL is one of\u00a0two major Japanese carriers (along with All Nippon Airways)\u00a0that is aware of its responsibilities towards\u00a0the environment. On this front, JAL has committed to reducing its entire fleet of aircraft’s carbon dioxide emissions. As of the most recent fiscal year 2015, JAL has managed to achieve a reduction of just under 15% in its carbon emissions\u00a0<\/span>per revenue-ton-kilometer compared to\u00a0fiscal year 2005 levels.[3] JAL has been able to achieve this through its “Sky Eco” Program which seeks to reduce fuel consumption at every stage of flight from take-off, climbing, cruising, descent and landing.[4] Some\u00a0components of this program include things such as the use of continuous descent operations (CDO) during the plane’s descent phase and reducing the usage of flaps during landing which help decrease CO2 emissions (See Exhibit 1). Commercial aircraft are equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU) which provides electricity and air conditioning inside the cabin even when the engine is not running.[5] Electricity and air conditioning also require fuel and so the aircraft continues to emit CO2 even if the engine is off. As an alternative, when the aircraft is on the tarmac, it can be supplied with electricity via a ground power unit (GPU), which can significantly reduce exhaust gas and noise.[6] JAL has made it a priority in their day-to-day operations to reduce the use of APU, and use GPU as much as possible when their aircraft are\u00a0not in the air.<\/span><\/p>\n

What JAL is Doing for the Future<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A relatively recent development in the aviation industry has been the move towards reducing CO2 emissions\u00a0<\/span>through sustainable fuel sources.\u00a0JAL has\u00a0demonstrated leadership in this area when it partnered with Boeing back in 2009 in one of the first demonstration biofuel (See Exhibit 2, Exhibit 3) flights.[7] In late 2014, a consortium of domestic Japanese aviation players (with JAL leading the way), international aviation players (notably Boeing) and governing bodies formed\u00a0the Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels (INAF).[8] The INAF developed a roadmap for the commercial production of sustainable aviation biofuels in Japan in time for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo.[9]<\/span><\/p>\n

Broadly speaking, one of the major challenges with sustainable sources of energy\u00a0is that their prices (without incentives or subsidies provided by the government) generally exceed that of conventional sources of energy. This issue is no different for the aviation industry. Indeed, the findings of the INAF explicitly state that the costs of\u00a0<\/span>sustainable\u00a0aviation fuel will\u00a0<\/span>be significantly higher compared to\u00a0<\/span>conventional jet fuel.[10] Moreover, the report recommends that the difference me made up\u00a0<\/span>by businesses that comprise the supply chain, including fuel producers, airlines, users of air services and the general public.[11]\u00a0<\/span>Costs\u00a0could be lowered through improvements at each stage of the supply chain, system optimization, technological innovation, user fees, area charges and public support. Fiscal support should also be provided to help capital investment and consideration given for a reduction in aircraft fuel taxes when using next-generation biofuels.[12]<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

As the stakes of climate change continue to increase and the world shifts toward eco-friendly\/sustainable business practices, companies that take the lead in addressing\u00a0their energy and environmental impact stand to gain economically and socially. Naturally, although further technology advances are needed to make biofuels and other renewables a more economically compelling alternative to traditional sources of fuel production, the implications of a breakthrough are significant and worthy of our time and attention. <\/span>(Word count: 794)<\/p>\n

Exhibit 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"exhibit-1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0Japan Airlines Corporate Social Responsibility Report (https:\/\/www.jal.com\/en\/csr\/report\/pdf\/index_2016.pdf)<\/p>\n

Exhibit 2<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"exhibit-2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Source: Beginner’s Guide to Aviation Biofuels (www.atag.org\/component\/downloads\/downloads\/60.html)<\/p>\n

Exhibit 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"exhibit-3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Source: Beginner’s Guide to Aviation Biofuels (www.atag.org\/component\/downloads\/downloads\/60.html)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Japan Airlines Environment Report 2004, Available at: https:\/\/www.jal.com\/en\/environment\/report\/2004\/activity\/activity1.html<\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0Roadmap for Establishing Supply Chain for Next-Generation Aviation Fuels, Available at: http:\/\/aviation.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/inaf\/roadmap_en.pdf<\/p>\n

[3] Japan Airlines Corporate Social Responsibility Report, Availabe at: https:\/\/www.jal.com\/en\/csr\/report\/pdf\/index_2016.pdf<\/p>\n

[4] Japan Airlines Corporate Social Responsibility – Global Warming, Available at: https:\/\/www.jal.com\/en\/csr\/environment\/conservation\/detail01.html<\/p>\n

[5] Ibid<\/p>\n

[6] Ibid<\/p>\n

[7] Japanese Initiative Plots Map to Commercialization of Aviation Biofuels in Time for 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Available at: http:\/\/www.greenaironline.com\/news.php?viewStory=2105<\/p>\n

[8] Ibid<\/p>\n

[9] Ibid<\/p>\n

[10] Roadmap for Establishing Supply Chain for Next-Generation Aviation Fuels, Available at: http:\/\/aviation.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/inaf\/roadmap_en.pdf<\/p>\n

[11] Ibid<\/p>\n

[12] Ibid<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Japan Airlines' Commitment to Reducing its Environmental Impact by Tokyo 2020 Olympics<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2386,"featured_media":12487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[],"class_list":["post-10267","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/climate-change-challenge-2016\/","yoast_head":"\nJapan Airlines, Climate Change and the Tokyo 2020 Olympics - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/japan-airlines-climate-change-and-the-tokyo-2020-olympics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Japan Airlines, Climate Change and the Tokyo 2020 Olympics - 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