{"id":8178,"date":"2018-04-24T21:06:20","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T01:06:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/rethinking-the-video-game-business-model\/"},"modified":"2018-04-24T21:06:20","modified_gmt":"2018-04-25T01:06:20","slug":"rethinking-the-video-game-business-model","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/rethinking-the-video-game-business-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethinking the Video Game Business Model"},"content":{"rendered":"

With 2017 revenues of over $7 billion, Activision Blizzard (NASDAQ: ATVI) is one of the largest video game publishers in the world. The company develops and publishes console, PC, and mobile video games including blockbuster titles like Call of Duty, Destiny, World of Warcraft, Overwatch, and Candy Crush. Activision Blizzard (henceforth \u201cATVI\u201d) was formed primarily through the merger of three separate entities over the past decade: Activision Publishing with Vivendi (Blizzard) in 2008, and King Digital in 2016. Today, those entities remain relatively separate with their own organizational structures, video game titles, and methods of distribution.<\/p>\n

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Sample ATVI games. Source: ATVI Investor Presentation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Over the past 5 years, successful new hits, increasing in-game transactions, and higher profit margins have led ATVI\u2019s share price to appreciate over 400%. Looking forward, ATVI\u2019s continued success will depend on its ability to navigate through a set of transformational digital trends.<\/p>\n

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ATVI Stock Price. Source: Google Finance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Key Transformational Trends in Video Gaming<\/strong><\/p>\n

For a long time, the video game business model was relatively straightforward \u2013 publishers sold physical copies of games (e.g., CDs or cartridges) at retail outlets (e.g., GameStop) and received one-time revenue from those sales. In the last decade, however, a set of digital trends have emerged that introduce both new opportunities and new challenges for this traditional model.<\/p>\n

Physical to Digital<\/em><\/p>\n

The first trend is the movement away from physical media (e.g., CDs, cartridges) to digital game downloads. While over 90% of console game sales were done through physical media 5 years ago, more than 35% are done through direct downloads today. ATVI\u2019s financial upside from this shift is immense, as direct downloads have up to 30% higher margins than physical sales.<\/p>\n

However, there are several challenges associated with this trend. First, like in other industries, video game retailers have struggled during this transition and have increasingly pressured publishers for economic concessions. Because the majority of sales still go through traditional retail outlets and because those outlets act as showrooms for games (akin to Best Buy for devices), publishers must commit significant resources to maintain these relationships. Second, this shift to digital has concentrated greater power in the hands of online distributors like Steam. With growing reach and influence on consumer purchasing behavior, these online distributors have augmented their bargaining power and have increasingly put publishers at a disadvantage.<\/p>\n

PC \/ Console to Mobile<\/em><\/p>\n

Another trend is the movement away from PC and console gaming toward mobile gaming \u2013 while mobile has exploded, PC and console growth has slowed to the low single digits. Though winning in mobile would significantly accelerate growth, ATVI is historically a console and PC business. In fact, prior to the acquisition of King, ATVI\u2019s revenue was almost entirely based on the PC and console gaming markets (post King, mobile is about 25% of revenue). As a result, in order to continue growing like it has in the past, ATVI will have to succeed in a new business that requires a very different set of creative and commercial capabilities. Whereas PC \/ console success depends on blockbuster games that consumers play for many hours on end, mobile success relies more on casual games that users repeatedly come back to for short amounts of time. In other words, the type of game that flourishes on PC and console, where ATVI has strong competencies, is very different from the type of game that works well on mobile, where ATVI has gaps. Although ATVI\u2019s acquisition of King attempted to address this skills gap, King is still relatively separate from the legacy business and its monthly active user count has dropped nearly 50% from a high of 550 million in 2015 to 290 million in the latest quarter.<\/p>\n

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Video Game Market Forecast. Source: NewZoo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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King Monthly Active Users. Source: Statista and ATVI Earnings Transcripts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Social Gaming<\/em><\/p>\n

In addition to mobile, another consumer trend has been the movement toward social gaming. 10 years ago, gaming was primarily individual in nature \u2013 a consumer would mostly play games by themselves and occasionally with friends nearby. Today, the growth in internet speed and access have allowed massive multiplayer online games to thrive. In fact, the most popular titles today are ones with significant social features embedded. As a result, individuals play specific games for far longer than they used to, and these games now have very strong network effects.<\/p>\n

Social gaming creates opportunities for developers to make even more popular titles, but it also challenges the way companies have thought about game development. For one, the old model of refreshing games every year in the hopes of selling more copies may no longer work for every franchise \u2013 if an existing edition of a game has a large and devoted enough user base, the network effect may make it too costly to switch to a newer version. One example is the Call of Duty franchise \u2013 while monthly active users are today over 40 million compared to 30 million 5 years ago, unit sales of the 2016 version were less than half that of the 2011 version. Consequently, publishers may need to update content for existing editions for a longer period of time instead of just pushing out new editions every year. Second, publishers must acquire social media capabilities to build stronger gamer connections that solidify network effects. This is not a skillset that publishers have historically had, but it is crucial to have today.<\/p>\n

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Call of Duty Game Sales by Title and Year. Source: Statista Estimates.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Growth in Data<\/em><\/p>\n

Along with the growth in social and multiplayer online games has been an explosion in user data. Because almost all games today are connected online and require accounts to play, publishers have the opportunity to track individual gamer behaviors, develop better titles and content, and increase user loyalty. This explosion in user data provides ample monetization and optimization opportunities, but in order to capitalize on this wealth of information, publishers need to develop the analytical and scientific capabilities within their organization and may even need to rethink their existing value capture model.<\/p>\n

Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the face of these transformational digital trends, ATVI needs to rethink its business strategy and organizational composition.<\/p>\n

From a distribution standpoint, ATVI should continue to support its valuable existing retail relationships \u2013 pushing too hard into third-party digital channels (e.g., Steam) could alienate physical retailers that still comprise the majority of its revenue and play a valuable marketing role. However, ATVI should aggressively develop its own first-party digital distribution technology. Third-party digital distributors, while growing, are still a relatively small portion of ATVI\u2019s business \u2013\u00a0 cultivating in-house capabilities today will ultimately yield a stronger competitive and financial position in a digital future with minimal downside today. ATVI already distributes its Blizzard PC titles via its first-party Battle.net platform \u2013 moving forward, it should more aggressively use Battle.net to distribute all of its PC games, including non-Blizzard ones.<\/p>\n

To bolster its mobile presence, ATVI should create mobile versions of some of its well-known PC \/ console titles, many of which could be well-suited to the small screen and already have name recognition. To do this, ATVI will need to address capability gaps within its organization. To start, it should better integrate King\u2019s creative game development staff with its Activision and Blizzard teams, for example by seconding King developers into Activision \/ Blizzard teams. This mixing of minds should moderate cultural resistance and encourage the open sharing of ideas. For actual game development, ATVI should create separate mobile teams that have the autonomy to pursue a uniquely mobile vision for legacy franchises. At the same time, it should add incentives (e.g., success-based bonuses) for legacy developers to collaborate with the new mobile groups. Finally, ATVI should consider hiring talent from publishers like Tencent that have been able to successfully bridge from console \/ PC to mobile.<\/p>\n

With respect to social gaming, ATVI should shift more resources toward developing additional content for its most popular games, even ones that are 2-3 years old. In addition to keeping users engaged, a constant stream of new content also provides additional opportunities for monetization (e.g., through the sale of expansion map packs). ATVI should also aggressively push into eSports, which would raise the prominence of its major titles and create stickier global communities. ATVI is on the right track, having recently launched its own Overwatch eSports league, and should also think about launching its own Call of Duty and World of Warcraft leagues.<\/p>\n

Finally, ATVI should leverage its sizeable set of gamer data to optimize future game content (across all of its games, ATVI has 385 million monthly active users, more than Twitter). To do this, it should hire more data scientists to interpret and evaluate user behavior while more tightly integrating game franchises across its organization to encourage cross-sharing of key learnings. ATVI should also consider monetizing its user data through new revenue streams like advertising \u2013 King has been trialing these efforts over the last year for Candy Crush, and ATVI could trial advertisements on its other freemium titles like Hearthstone.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, ATVI\u2019s continued success will depend on whether it can formulate the right strategy and assemble the right organization to take advantage of these digital megatrends.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
    \n
  1. \u201cFY2011-FY2017 Financial Report and Earnings Call Transcripts.\u201d Activision Blizzard, n.d. https:\/\/investor.activision.com\/investor-relations<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  2. Hoy, Laura. \u201cGameStop Corp. Is Running Out of Lives in Digital Revolution.\u201d Yahoo Finance. Accessed April 20, 2018. https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/gamestop-corp-running-lives-digital-160107148.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  3. \u201cNew Gaming Boom: Newzoo Ups Its 2017 Global Games Market Estimate to $116.0Bn Growing to $143.5Bn in 2020.\u201d Newzoo<\/i> (blog). Accessed April 20, 2018. https:\/\/newzoo.com\/insights\/articles\/new-gaming-boom-newzoo-ups-its-2017-global-games-market-estimate-to-116-0bn-growing-to-143-5bn-in-2020\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  4. \u201cNot Just Eye Candy – Activision\u2019s Ad Revenue Bet with King Digital.\u201d Reuters<\/i>, May 6, 2016. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-activision-results-kingdigital\/not-just-eye-candy-activisions-ad-revenue-bet-with-king-digital-idUSKCN0XX28S<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  5. \u201cStatista – The Statistics Portal for Market Data, Market Research and Market Studies.\u201d Accessed April 23, 2018. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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