{"id":3594,"date":"2017-02-02T18:13:26","date_gmt":"2017-02-02T23:13:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/pandora-how-the-wrong-business-model-can-lead-to-the-wrong-customer\/"},"modified":"2017-02-02T18:37:24","modified_gmt":"2017-02-02T23:37:24","slug":"pandora-how-the-wrong-business-model-can-lead-management-to-focus-on-the-wrong-customer","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/pandora-how-the-wrong-business-model-can-lead-management-to-focus-on-the-wrong-customer\/","title":{"rendered":"Pandora: How the Wrong Business Model Can Lead Management to Focus on the Wrong Customer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Over the winter break, I had the pleasure to spend a few days with my twin brother. Like all healthy sibling relationships, we don\u2019t always see eye-to-eye on issues. We do, however, share similar food preferences, and so the best debates between us occur usually over a good meal \u2013 that way, if the argument becomes too heated, we can always talk about something we agree on, \u201cthe food sure is delicious, right?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>One such dinner debacle we had was on whether Pandora or Spotify was a better music streaming service. A die-hard, paying Spotify user, I thought Pandora was long on its way out. After all, over the past couple years, Pandora\u2019s monthly active users (MAUs) have declined. In December 2014, Pandora reported 81.5 million MAUs while in September 2016 the company announced having only <a href=\"http:\/\/investor.pandora.com\/quarterly-results\">77.9 million<\/a> MAUs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3557 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users-300x184.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users-768x472.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users-1024x630.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users-600x369.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_Active_Users.png 1506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Conversely, Spotify\u2019s MAUs have risen to record levels.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3564 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs-300x185.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs-768x474.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs-1024x632.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs-600x370.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Spotify_MAUs.png 1510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>However, my brother remained unconvinced. A long-time, free-tiered Pandora listener, he stated, \u201cPandora identifies the songs that I like to listen to, and best of all, I don\u2019t pay anything for it. In the U.S., I would say Pandora is more popular than Spotify.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Curious, later that evening, I researched how many other individuals were like my brother and preferred Pandora over Spotify. I was surprised to find that the answer wasn\u2019t as clear-cut as I had initially thought.<\/p>\n<p>Last year, a study by Edison Research and Triton Digital revealed that nearly twice as many people in the U.S. used Pandora over Spotify to keep up-to-date with music.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3567 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music-300x250.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"371\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music-768x639.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music-1024x852.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music-600x499.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Sources_used_for_keeping_up-to-date_with_music.png 1504w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, earlier this month, MusicWatch reported in its 15<sup>th<\/sup> Annual Music Survey that among the approximately 14 million Amazon Echo users in 2016, Pandora was the most-listened to streaming service.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3568 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch-300x181.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch-600x362.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/MusicWatch.png 1258w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>SO, WHY IS PANDORA LOSING?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fundamentally, Pandora is operating on a highly unsustainable business model that has yet to turn an annual profit. Of course, some may say, <em>but Spotify also has yet to turn a profit<\/em>. The difference between the two companies, however, is that Pandora may <em>never<\/em> turn a profit whereas, Spotify just might one day, assuming it can continue to scale.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3570 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015-300x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015-768x478.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015-1024x637.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015-600x373.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_net_income_lass_2007-2015.png 1508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>To better understand why this is so, it\u2019s worth first going over several key aspects about Pandora\u2019s business model.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Customers.\u00a0<\/strong>Pandora has two types of customers: users who stream music for free (free-tier users) and Pandora Plus subscribers (paid-tier users). Subscribers receive benefits such as no ads between songs, fewer skips, and fewer timeouts<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Value creation.<\/strong> For both customer types, Pandora creates value by providing individuals with a unique, personalized music experience, promising an easy-to-use interface, and for paid-tier listeners, offering an affordable product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Value capture.<\/strong> Pandora uses advertising dollars to pay for content consumed by free-tier users and charges $5 per month to subscribers, which is half the price of most other music streaming services. The company also generates a small amount of revenue from TicketFly, which it purchased for $450 million in 2015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Operating model<\/strong>. At the heart of Pandora is its technology, which stems from the Music Genome Project, an endeavor by the company\u2019s founders to create a music recommendation system based on complex algorithms and over 450 musical attributes. Other important attributes to Pandora\u2019s operating model include content right holders (labels and publishers), artists, and other platforms such as TicketFly, Rdio<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a>, and Next Big Sound<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[iii]<\/a>, all of which were acquired in 2015<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The problem with this business model is its dependence on advertising revenue to capture value for the company. In fact, Pandora has always relied on a significant portion of revenues to come from advertising.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3571 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source-300x187.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"427\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source-768x479.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source-1024x639.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source-600x374.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/Pandora_39_s_revenue_by_source.png 1510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Advertising dollars may create value for free-tier users by making content free, but it doesn\u2019t create much value for paid-tier users. Further, it encourages management to focus on Pandora\u2019s free-tier. After all, it would seem logical to focus on advertisements which bring in 80% of revenue and create value for 95%<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a> of customers. Right? NO!<\/p>\n<p>Pandora\u2019s business model misses why paid-tier users are critical to the company\u2019s survival. Subscribers pay Pandora for a personalized music experience, which is driven by Pandora\u2019s technology. The fact that only 5% of Pandora active users are paid-subscribers, compared with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.musicbusinessworldwide.com\/spotify-is-converting-more-people-into-paying-customers-than-ever-before\/\">25%<\/a> of Spotify active users, suggests that although Pandora\u2019s technology may create enough value to keep free-tier users, it may not create enough value for them to justify Pandora\u2019s monthly subscription fee.<\/p>\n<p>Pandora and Spotify are very different technologies. Pandora is an internet radio music service (songs are recommended to the user), while Spotify is an on-demand music service (users select their songs). If Pandora active users find Spotify\u2019s technology to be better, then Pandora\u2019s business model is bound to stay unprofitable due to switching costs. This could explain why Pandora\u2019s MAUs having been decreasing while Spotify\u2019s have been increasing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pandora\u2019s business model is attractive to free-tier users such as my brother, but underlying the model may not be a technology that\u2019s good enough to convert free-tier users into paying subscribers. Spotify, however, focuses on creating value for paying customers, and in doing so, is able to offer individuals an incredible app with all the music that I love whenever I want it.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ENDNOTES:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> In 2015, only 3.9 million individuals were Pandora Plus subscribers, representing 5% of total active users.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Fewer timeouts result from being given longer listening times before a station pauses.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> Rdio is an on-demand music streaming service similar to Spotify that Pandora acquired on Oct. 6, 2015 for $75 million in cash.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> Next Big Sound is an online music analytics platform that was acquired on May 19, 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the winter break, I had the pleasure to spend a few days with my twin brother. Like all healthy sibling relationships, we don\u2019t always see eye-to-eye on issues. We do, however, share similar food preferences, and so the best [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":882,"featured_media":3598,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[],"class_list":["post-3594","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/assignment\/digital-winners-losers\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pandora: How the Wrong Business Model Can Lead Management to Focus on the Wrong Customer - Digital Innovation and Transformation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/pandora-how-the-wrong-business-model-can-lead-management-to-focus-on-the-wrong-customer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pandora: How the Wrong Business Model Can Lead Management to Focus on the Wrong Customer - Digital Innovation and Transformation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Over the winter break, I had the pleasure to spend a few days with my twin brother. 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